Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between culture Culture is a term that has different meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses: and food Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure. Items considered food may be sourced from plants, animals or other categories such as fungus or fermented products like alcohol. Although many human cultures sought food items through. It is often thought erroneously that the term gastronomy refers exclusively to the art of cooking (see Culinary Arts Culinary art is the art of cooking. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to, or connected with, cooking or kitchens. A culinarian is a person working in the culinary arts. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. Culinary artists are responsible for skillfully preparing meals that are as), but this is only a small part of this discipline; it cannot always be said that a cook A cook is a person that prepares food for consumption. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland this professions requires government approval . The profession requires profound knowledge concerning nutrition. Personalities acting without profound knowledge are called (or in the position) Kitchen Helper(s) is also a gourmet Gourmet /ɡoːmæɪ/ is a cultural ideal associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink, or haute cuisine, which is characterised by elaborate preparations and presentations of large meals of small, often quite rich courses. Gastronomy studies various cultural components with food as its central axis. Thus it is related to the Fine Arts Fine art describes any art form developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept rather than utility. This type of art is often expressed in the production of art objects using visual and performing art forms, including painting, sculpture, music, dance, theatre, architecture, photography and printmaking. Schools, institutes, and other and Social Sciences The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups, animals and individuals including anthropology, archeology, communication studies, cultural studies, demography, economics, human geography, history, linguistics, media studies, political science, psychology, social work, and sociology, and even to the Natural Sciences In Science, the term natural science refers to a naturalistic approach to the study of the universe, which is understood as obeying rules or laws of natural origin. The term natural science is also used to distinguish those fields that use the scientific method to study nature from the social sciences and the humanities, which use the scientific in terms of the digestive system of the human body.

A gourmet's principal activities involve discovering, tasting, experiencing, researching, understanding and writing about foods. Gastronomy is therefore an interdisciplinary activity. Good observation will reveal that around the food, there exist dance Dance is a sport and art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting, dramatic arts Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" , which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: δράω, dráō). The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a, painting Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . In art, the term describes both the act and the result, which is called a painting. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay or concrete. Paintings may be decorated with gold leaf, and some modern, sculpture Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard and/or plastic material, sound, and/or text and or light, commonly stone , metal, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are often painted . A person, literature Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" , and therefore the academic study of literature is known as Letters (as in the phrase "Arts and Letters"). In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and nonfiction, architecture Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures for human shelter or use. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding context (see town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture), and music Music is an art form whose medium is sound organized in time. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses"; in other words, the Fine Arts. But it also involves physics Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with philosophy, chemistry, and certain branches of mathematics and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, it emerged to become a unique modern, mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns.They formulate new conjectures and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions, chemistry Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme , meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination,, biology Biology is the science that studies living organisms. Prior to the nineteenth century, biology came under the general study of all natural objects called natural history. The term biology was first coined by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus.[citation needed] It is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and, geology Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major academic discipline, and is also, agronomy Agronomy is the science and technology of using plants for food, fuel, feed, and fiber. Agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences like biology, chemistry, ecology, earth science, and genetics. Agronomists today are involved, and also anthropology Anthropology is the study of human beings, everywhere and throughout time. Anthropology has its intellectual origins in both the natural sciences, and the humanities. Its basic questions concern, "What defines Homo sapiens?" "Who are the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens?" "What are our physical traits?" "How do, history History is the study of the past, with special attention to the written record of the activities of human beings over time. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it often attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause, philosophy Most academic subjects have a philosophy, for example the philosophy of science, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of logic, the philosophy of law, and the philosophy of history. In addition, a range of academic subjects have emerged to deal with areas which would have historically been the subject of philosophy. These include, psychology Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the systematic, and often scientific, study of human/animal mental functions and behavior. Occasionally, in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method, it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis, although it often does so less prominently than other, and sociology Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare. Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face-. The application of scientific knowledge to cooking and gastronomy has become known as molecular gastronomy.

The first formal study of gastronomy is probably The Physiology of Taste by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin was a French lawyer and politician, and gained fame as an epicure and gastronome: "Grimod and Brillat-Savarin. Between them, two writers effectively founded the whole genre of the gastronomic essay." He was born in the town of Belley, Ain, where the Rhone River then separated France from Savoy, to a family (early 19th century). As opposed to the traditional cooking recipe books, it studies the relationship between the senses Senses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology , and philosophy of perception. The nervous system has a specific sensory system, or organ, dedicated to each sense and food, treating enjoyment at the table as a science. Most recently, in 2004, the founders of the Slow Food The Slow Food movement was founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy to combat fast food. It claims to preserve the cultural cuisine and the associated food plants and seeds, domestic animals, and farming within an ecoregion. It was the first established part of the broader Slow movement. The movement has since expanded globally to over 83,000 members in 1 movement founded the University of Gastronomic Sciences University of Gastronomic Science is an academic institution that has two campuses in Northern Italy. The main campus is home to the three year undergraduate program and is located in Bra, a city in the north-west region of Piedmont. The other campus is in Colorno, a small town outside of Parma in the Emilia-Romagna region and hosts the Italian in Bra, Italy, devoted to the principles of gastronomy. ^[1] Other centres for the study of gastronomy include the School of Oriental and African Studies The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to "SOAS", pronounced ['səuæs] or ['səuæz] (so az)) is a constituent college of the University of London, specializing in the laws, politics, economics, languages and humanities concerning Asia, Africa and the Middle East. SOAS currently offers over 300 undergraduate of the University of London through its Food Studies Centre, the University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide is a public university located in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1874, it is the third oldest university in Australia. It has produced five Nobel laureates, 101 Rhodes scholars and is a member of the Group of Eight, as well as the Sandstone universities through its Master of Arts in Gastronomy program run in cooperation with Le Cordon Bleu Le Cordon Bleu is the world's largest hospitality education institution, with 29 schools in five continents serving 20,000 students annually. Its primary education focus is on hospitality management and the culinary arts, New York University New York University is a private, nonsectarian, research university in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States, with an enrollment of more than 50,000 students's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development through its Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health, the Universities of Barcelona The University of Barcelona is a public university located in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia in Spain. It is a member of the Coimbra Group and Joan Lluís Vives Institute, Bologna The University of Bologna is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in the world, the word 'university' being first used by this institution at its foundation. The true date of its founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088. Since 2000, the University's motto has been Alma mater studiorum (Latin for, and of François Rabelais François Rabelais University , is a public university in Tours, France. The university is named after the French writer François Rabelais, and was founded in 1969 in Tours through their Master in the History and Culture of Food, and Boston University Boston University is a private nonsectarian university located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Although chartered by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1869, Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in Newbury, Vermont in 1839. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 193 through its Master of Liberal Arts in Gastronomy program.

Etymologically, the word "gastronomy" is derived from Ancient Greek Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic , Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC–6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine γαστήρ (gastér) "stomach", and νόμος (nómos) "knowledge" or "law".

See also

• Cuisine Cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. It is often named after the region or place where its underlining culture is in presence. For example, Beijing cuisine refers to the cooking styles and foods either popular in or originated from Beijing, China. A cuisine is primarily influenced
• Gastropub "British favourites" does not mean "of British origin"; in 2007, a magazine for chefs and food professionals described the menu this way: Because they are pubs first and foremost, British gastropubs are unfettered by culinary categories and cheerfully serve whatever they desire—British, French, Italian, Thai, Indian, even
• Culinary art Culinary art is the art of cooking. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to, or connected with, cooking or kitchens. A culinarian is a person working in the culinary arts. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. Culinary artists are responsible for skillfully preparing meals that are as
• Food Studies The term Food Studies describes the critical examination of food and its contexts within science, art, history, society, and other fields. It is distinctive from other food-related areas of study such as Nutrition, Agriculture, Gastronomy, and Culinary Arts in that it tends to look beyond the mere consumption, production, and aesthetic
• Gourmet Library and museum The Gourmet Museum and Library is a museum dedicated to the history of gastronomy, located in Hermalle-sous-Huy, province of Liège, Belgium

References

1. ^ English Version Website of University of Gastronomy Sciences

External links

• University of Gastronomic Sciences
• Le Cordon Bleu Gastronomy at the University of Adelaide
• School of Oriental and African Studies Food Studies Centre
• New York University Steinhard School of Culture, Education, and Human Development Department of Nutrition, Food Studies, and Public Health
• Boston University Masters of Liberal Arts in Gastronomy
• Biennial Masters in the History and Culture of Diet at the University of Barcelona
• History and Culture of Nutrition at the University of Bologna
• Network of European Alimentary Culture

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